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1.
China Pharmacy ; (12): 1093-1098, 2023.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-972953

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE To study the mechanism of Compound zaoren granule in improving insomnia. METHODS Forty-nine mice were divided into blank group, model group, positive control group 1 (Estazolam tablets 0.5 mg/kg),control group 2 (Shumian capsule 0.6 g/kg), Compound zaoren granule low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups (2.5, 5, 10 g/kg), with 7 mice in each group. The insomnia model was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress combined with 4-chloro-DL- phenylacetic acid. The behavioral changes of mice were investigated through open field test and pentobarbital sodium synergistic hypnosis experiment, as well as the pathomorphology of mice hypothalamus tissue was observed by HE staining. The metabonomics analysis and multivariate statistical analysis of serum in mice were performed by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, and the differential metabolites were screened out; the metabolic pathway analysis was conducted based on MetaboAnalyst 5.0 database. RESULTS Compared with blank group, the total travelling distance, the number of entering the central region and the moving distance in the central region of the model group were significantly reduced (P<0.05), the proportion of total rest time was significantly increased (P<0.05), the sleep duration of mice was significantly shortened (P<0.05), and hypothalamic nerve cells damaged and severely vacuolated. Compared with model group, the total travelling distance of Compound zaoren granule low-dose and medium-dose groups were increased significantly and the proportions of total rest time of those groups were decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the sleep duration of mice in Compound zaoren granule high-dose group was prolonged significantly (P<0.05); the hypothalamic nerve cells of mice in each administration group recovered to varying degrees, and the hypothalamus histiocytes of mice in the Compound zaoren granules high-dose group were closer to those in the blank group. A total of 18 differential metabolites (such as phenylalanine, taurine, norvaline, methionine) and 4 important amino acid metabolic pathways (L-phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; taurine and hypotaurine metabolism; L-phenylalanine metabolism; cysteine and methionine metabolism) were identified through metabolomics analysis. CONCLUSIONS Compound zaoren granules can normalize the disordered metabolism in vivo by regulating differential metabolites such as phenylalanine, taurine, and four amino acid metabolic pathways, so as to improve insomnia.

2.
China Pharmacy ; (12): 339-344, 2023.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-961669

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE To analyze the odor composition changes of two kinds of traditional Chinese medicine sachet (children type and adults type) with different placement time by using ultra-fast gasphase electronic nose technology. METHODS The change rule of sachet components at different storage times was analyzed by gas chromatography. At the same time, the qualitative results were obtained by combining electronic nose with Arochembase database. Discriminant factor analysis was used to analyze the overall odor composition differences of the two sachet samples. RESULTS A total of 10 odor compositions were identified in children-type sachet, including α-pinene and β-pinene as the functional index compositions; five odor compositions of children-type sachet disappeared after 0.25 days, and most of them disappeared after 7 days; the cumulative contribution rate of discriminant factor analysis was 99.225%. A total of 8 odor compositions were identified in adult-type sachets, including α-pinene and α-phellandrene as the functional index compositions; four odor components disappeared after the adult-type sachet was placed for 0.25 days; after 15 days of placement, the peak 6-8 disappeared, and the intensity of peak 5 decreased by 34.3% compared with 0 day of placement; the cumulative contribution rate of discriminant factor analysis was 91.965%. CONCLUSIONS With the extension of storage time, the smell and composition of the two traditional Chinese medicine sachets are decreasing. It is recommended that the use time of children-type sachet is 7 days, and that of adult-type sachet is 15 days.

3.
China Pharmacy ; (12): 2121-2127, 2023.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-987142

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of Kuaisong yin in the prevention and treatment of constipation. METHODS Slow transit constipation (STC) model was established with Compound difenoxylate tablet in mice and rats. Two batches of mice were divided into blank group, model group, positive control group (Maren soft capsule, 0.64 g/kg), Kuaisong yin low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups (3.2, 6.4, 12.8 g/kg), with 10 mice in each group. The effect of Kuaisong yin on constipation in mice was evaluated by intestinal propulsion experiment and defecation experiment. Rats were divided into blank group, model group, positive control group (Maren soft capsule,0.36 g/kg), Kuaisong yin low-dose and high-dose groups (2.4, 4.8 g/kg), with 7 or 8 rats in each group. They were given relevant medicine once a day for 1 week. The metabonomics of serum and urine of rats were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology. RESULTS Compared with model group, the ink propulsion rate and 5 h defecation volume of mice in Kuaisong yin high-dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05); the first defecation time of mice in Kuaisong yin medium-dose and high-dose groups was significantly shortened, and the quality of defecation was significantly reduced within 5 h (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Serum metabonomics screened 16 compounds (such as proline, propionylcarnitine, hemolytic phosphatidylcholine, etc.) and 6 metabolic pathways (such as sphingomyelin metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, sphingolipid biosynthesis-lactose and neolactone series). Urine metabonomics screened 20 different metabolites (such as prostaglandin A2, L-valine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, etc.) and 8 metabolic pathways (such as valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, sphingomyelin metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, etc.). CONCLUSIONS Kuaisong yin can play a role in improving constipation by regulating different metabolites such as hemolytic phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, prostaglandin A2, L-valine, proline, and regulating metabolic pathways such as multiple amino acid metabolism, sphingomyelin metabolism, etc.

4.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-954206

RESUMO

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of the rehabilitation technique of "regulating abdomen and dredging collaterals" in the treatment of children with global developmental delay (GDD), and to provide clinical experience and basis for promoting the rehabilitation treatment of GDD.Methods:Eighty-two children with GDD were selected and divided equally into the control and the treatment group according to the random number table method. The control group received conventional rehabilitation treatment, and the treatment group received "regulating abdomen and dredging collaterals" rehabilitation treatment on the basis of the conventional rehabilitation treatment. The duration of treatment for both groups was 5 times a week for 3 months. The developmental quotient (DQ) of the children in both groups was recorded using the Geselll Developmental Scale as an assessment tool to observe the scores of the five functional areas, i.e. gross motor, fine motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social.Results:At the end of the treatment, the DQ values of the children in both groups improved significantly in each energy area (all P<0.05). The treatment group outperformed the control group in terms of total effective rate and gross motor, language, and adaptability (all P<0.05), while the differences between the two groups in fine motor and personal-social energy areas were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusions:The "regulating abdomen and dredging collaterals" rehabilitation technique is clinically effective in the treatment of GDD, with significant improvement in gross motor, language, and adaptive energy areas.

5.
Chinese Journal of Neurology ; (12): 1045-1054, 2022.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-958002

RESUMO

The reperfusion therapies for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients in the past have set strict limits on time window. However, with the imaging assessment algorithms for "tissue window" becoming more mature, the time window for reperfusion therapies has been continuously extended. Nowadays the time window of intravenous thrombolysis has been extended to 9 hours after onset of stroke and is expected to be further broadened to 24 hours. At the same time, clinical studies of mechanical thrombectomy for posterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO), LVO with large ischemic cores and distal and medium vessel occlusion are all in hot progress. This article summarized diverse imaging assessment algorithms for "tissue window" and the latest advances of clinical research related to different fibrinolytic drugs for intravenous thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy for various vascular occlusion and bridging therapy of AIS in the extended time window. The objective of this review was to provide some references for the clinical diagnosis and therapy of stroke beyond time window.

6.
J Pharm Sci ; 110(11): 3568-3579, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34310973

RESUMO

Protein aggregate formation in prefilled syringes (PFSs) can be influenced by protein adsorption and desorption at the solid-liquid interface. Although inhibition of protein adsorption on the PFS surface can lead to a decrease in the amount of aggregation, the mechanism underlying protein adsorption-mediated aggregation in PFSs is unclear. This study investigated protein aggregation caused by protein adsorption on silicone oil-free PFS surfaces [borosilicate glass (GLS) and cycloolefin polymer (COP)] and the factors affecting the protein adsorption on the PFS surfaces. The adsorbed proteins formed multilayered structures that consisted of two distinct types of layers: proteins adsorbed on the surface of the material and proteins adsorbed on top of the proteins on the surface. A pH-dependent electrostatic interaction was the dominant force for protein adsorption on the GLS surface, while hydrophobic effects were dominant for protein adsorption on the COP surface. When the repulsion force between proteins was weak, protein adsorption on the adsorbed protein layer was increased for both materials and as a result, protein aggregation increased. Therefore, a formulation with high colloidal stability can minimize protein adsorption on the COP surface, leading to reduced protein aggregation.


Assuntos
Proteínas , Seringas , Adsorção , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Óleos de Silicone , Propriedades de Superfície
7.
China Pharmacy ; (12): 2203-2209, 2021.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-886800

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE:To esta blish the m ethod for identifying Schizonepeta tenusfolia from different habitats based on odor information. METHODS :The odor of S. tenusfolia from different habitats were identified by Heracles Ⅱ ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose. Qualitative analysis was conducted according to obtained chromatographic information combined with AroChemBase database and Kovats retention index qualitative database. Principle component analysis (PCA)and discriminant factor analysis (DFA)were conducted by using Alpha Soft V 14.2 software,and cluster analysis (CA)was performed with SPSS 22.2 software. RESULTS :There were 16 common peaks in 15 batches of S. tenusfolia from different habitats. After comparison with AroChemBase database and Kovates retention index qualitative database ,a total of 13 possible components were obtained. The possible components and sensory description information of S. tenusfolia from different habitats were basically the same ,but only the content was different. The chromatographic peak intensities of common peak No. 2 were in descending order as Anhui > Gansu>Henan>Hebei>Jiangsu,the chromatographic peak intensities of common peak No. 6 were in descending order as Anhui > Hebei>Gansu≈Henan>Jiangsu,the chromatographic peak intensities of common peak No. 9 were in descending order as Anhui > Gansu>Henan>Jiangsu>Hebei,the chromatographic peak intensity of common peak No. 13 were in descending order as Anhui ≈ Gansu>Hebei>Jiangsu>Henan,which represented the chromatographic peak intensity of methyl formate (peak No. 2),α-pinene (peak No. 6),3-nonone(peak No. 9)and α-terpineol(peak No. 13)were significantly different due to the change of habitats. PCA results showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first two principal components was 96.807%. Results of DFA showed that contribution rates of discriminant factor 1 and discriminant factor 2 were 92.089% and 3.982%. CA results showed that when the distance was 10,15 batches of samples could be clustered into 3 categories,B1-B5 and J 1-J3 into one category ,A1-A3 into one category ,G1,G2,N1 and N 2 into one category. The results were basically consistent with those of PCA and DFA. CONCLUSIONS:Ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose technology can be used to identify S. tenusfolia from different habitats rapidly. Methyl formate ,α-pinene,3-nonone and α-terpineol may be the key factors to distinguish S. tenusfolia from different habitats.

8.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-929925

RESUMO

Children have unique physiological and pathological characteristics, and their various system diseases are closely related to immune function, such as respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, etc. These correlations are directly or indirectly related to the intestinal micro-ecosystem. In recent years, more and more study results show that as a major component of the human micro-ecosystem, the intestinal micro-ecosystem plays a decisive role in the important physiological functions of children such as immunity, metabolism, nutrition, etc. Children's intestinal micro-ecosystem is also associated with the treatment and prognosis of infectious diseases, chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and metabolic diseases. In this paper, the related research of intestinal micro-ecology and some common diseases in pediatrics were summarized and discussed, the correlation between intestinal micro-ecology and pediatric diseases were deeply analyzed, in order to further understand the potential pathogenesis of pediatric diseases, and to provide new ideas for guiding the clinical treatment and long-term rehabilitation.

9.
Preprint em Inglês | medRxiv | ID: ppmedrxiv-20109934

RESUMO

ObjectiveAs a pandemic, a most-common pattern resembled organizing pneumonia (OP) has been identified by CT findings in novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We aimed to delineate the evolution of CT findings and outcome in OP of COVID-19. Materials and Methods106 COVID-19 patients with OP based on CT findings were retrospectively included and categorized into non-severe (mild/common) and severe (severe/critical) groups. CT features including lobar distribution, presence of ground glass opacities (GGO), consolidation, linear opacities and total severity CT score were evaluated at three time intervals from symptom-onset to CT scan (day 0-7, day 8-14, day>14). Discharge or adverse outcome (admission to ICU or death), and pulmonary sequelae (complete absorption or lesion residuals) on CT after discharge were analyzed based on the CT features at different time interval. Results79(74.5%) patients were non-severe and 103(97.2%) were discharged at median day 25 (range, day 8-50) after symptom-onset. Of 67 patients with revisit CT at 2-4 weeks after discharge, 20(29.9%) had complete absorption of lesions at median day 38 (range, day 30-53) after symptom-onset. Significant differences between complete absorption and residuals groups were found in percentages of consolidation (1.5% vs. 13.8%, P=0.010), number of involved lobe >3 (40.0% vs. 72.5%, P=0.030), CT score >4 (20.0% vs. 65.0%, P=0.010) at day 8-14. ConclusionsMost OP cases had good prognosis. Approximately one-third of cases had complete absorption of lesions during 1-2 months after symptom-onset while those with increased frequency of consolidation, number of involved lobe>3, and CT score >4 at week 2 after symptom-onset may indicate lesion residuals on CT.

10.
Preprint em Inglês | medRxiv | ID: ppmedrxiv-20107409

RESUMO

AbstractsO_ST_ABSPurposeC_ST_ABSAs global healthcare system is overwhelmed by novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), early identification of risks of adverse outcomes becomes the key to optimize management and improve survival. This study aimed to provide a CT-based pattern categorization to predict outcome of COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods165 patients with COVID-19 (91 men, 4-89 years) underwent chest CT were retrospectively enrolled. CT findings were categorized as Pattern0 (negative), Pattern1 (bronchopneumonia), Pattern2 (organizing pneumonia), Pattern3 (progressive organizing pneumonia) and Pattern4 (diffuse alveolar damage). Clinical findings were compared across different categories. Time-dependent progression of CT patterns and correlations with clinical outcomes, i.e. discharge or adverse outcome (admission to ICU, requiring mechanical ventilation, or death), with pulmonary sequelae (complete absorption or residuals) on CT after discharge were analyzed. ResultsOf 94 patients with outcome, 81(86.2%) were discharged, 3(3.2%) were admitted to ICU, 4(4.3%) required mechanical ventilation, 6(6.4%) died. 31(38.3%) had complete absorption at median day 37 after symptom-onset. Significant differences between pattern-categories were found in age, disease-severity, comorbidity and laboratory results (all P<0.05). Remarkable evolution was observed in Pattern0-2 and Pattern3-4 within 3 and 2 weeks after symptom-onset, respectively; most of patterns remained thereafter. After controlling for age, CT pattern significantly correlated with adverse outcomes (Pattern4 vs. Pattern0-3 [reference]; hazard-ratio[95%CI], 18.90[1.91-186.60], P=0.012). CT pattern (Pattern3-4 vs. Pattern0-2 [reference]; 0.26[0.08-0.88], P=0.030) and C-reactive protein (>10 vs. [≤]10mg/L [reference]; 0.31[0.13-0.72], P=0.006) were risk-factors associated with pulmonary residuals. ConclusionCT pattern categorization allied with clinical characteristics within 2 weeks after symptom-onset would facilitate early prognostic stratification in COVID-19 pneumonia.

11.
Preprint em Inglês | medRxiv | ID: ppmedrxiv-20109496

RESUMO

PURPOSEIn the global presence of secondary infections with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), little is known about the transmission characteristics of COVID-19 outside Wuhan, China. We evaluated differences in clinic and radiologic findings of multiple generations of COVID-19 infection in Xian (Shaanxi, China) to provide more clues for the correct estimate of the disease. METHODSAll COVID-19 infected patients reported in Xian up to 10 February 2020 were included for this analysis. Among these cases, clinical and chest CT data of 62 cases were obtained from three hospital in Xian. With this information, patients were grouped on basis of exposure history and transmission chains as first-generation, second-generation and third-generation patients. We described clinical characteristics and evaluated CT score/patterns in these COVID-19 cases. RESULTSThere was a clear age differences in multiple generations with COVID-19 infection. Above two thirds of the second-generation (75.0%) and third-generation patients (77.8%) were aged [≥]45 years while 40.0% of first-generation cases at this age (p=0.001). More than half of second-generation patients (52.8%) and third-generation patients (55.6%) have comorbidities and is predominantly hypertensive (22.8% of second-generation vs. 27.8% of third-generation infections). The main exposure of second- and third-generation patients in Xian is family exposure (35.2%). For evaluation of CT findings of pulmonary involvement, the total CT score were 4.22{+/-}3.00 in first-generation group, 4.35{+/-}3.03 in second-generation group and 7.62{+/-}3.56 in third-generation group (p<0.001). In all of three generations, the predominant pattern of abnormality observed was organizing pneumonia (65.5% in first-generation group, 61.5% in second-generation group and 71.4% in third-generation group). The average courses of the disease in third-generation infections has obviously extension (22.93{+/-}7.22 days of first-generation, 21.53{+/-}8.31 days of second-generation vs. 31.00{+/-}8.12 days of third-generation group, p=0.004). There were no significant differences of the pulmonary sequelae among three generation patients. CONCLUSIONThere is more serious pulmonary infection of COVID-19 pneumonia in second- and third-generation patients, which might be attribute to the elder age and comorbidity of these patients.

12.
Artigo | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-833554

RESUMO

Objective@#To identify the initial chest computed tomography (CT) findings and clinical characteristics associated with the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. @*Materials and Methods@#Baseline CT scans and clinical and laboratory data of 72 patients admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia (39 men, 46.2 ± 15.9 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Baseline CT findings including lobar distribution, presence of ground glass opacities, consolidation, linear opacities, and lung severity score were evaluated. The outcome event was recovery with hospital discharge. The time from symptom onset to discharge or the end of follow-up (for those remained hospitalized) was recorded. Data were censored in events such as death or discharge without recovery. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to explore the association between initial CT, clinical or laboratory findings, and discharge with recovery, whereby hazard ratio (HR) values 4 vs. ≤ 4 [reference]: adjusted HR = 0.41 [95% confidence interval, CI = 0.18–0.92], p = 0.031) and initial lymphocyte count (reduced vs. normal or elevated [reference]: adjusted HR = 0.14 [95% CI = 0.03–0.60], p = 0.008) were two significant independent factors that influenced recovery and discharge. @*Conclusion@#Lung severity score > 4 and reduced lymphocyte count at initial evaluation were independently associated with a significantly lower rate of recovery and discharge and extended hospitalization in patients admitted for COVID-19 pneumonia.

13.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-868567

RESUMO

Perineural invasion is a unique biological behavior of tumors via nerve dissemination and metastasis,which is intimately correlated with the recurrence,metastasis and prognosis.With the deepening research,the clinical significance of perineural invasion has been widely recognized.However,due to the low incidence of head and neck neoplasms and the varying incidence of perineural invasion in different anatomical sites and pathological types,high-level evidence-based medical evidence is still lacking.Currently,the pathological mechanism of perineural invasion has not been clearly clarified.No specific treatment has been available for perineural invasion.Therefore,the treatment of perineural invasion of head and neck tumors is an enormous challenge for clinicians.In this article,the current status of clinical diagnosis and treatment of perineural invasion in head and neck malignancies was reviewed.

14.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-799448

RESUMO

Perineural invasion is a unique biological behavior of tumors via nerve dissemination and metastasis, which is intimately correlated with the recurrence, metastasis and prognosis. With the deepening research, the clinical significance of perineural invasion has been widely recognized. However, due to the low incidence of head and neck neoplasms and the varying incidence of perineural invasion in different anatomical sites and pathological types, high-level evidence-based medical evidence is still lacking. Currently, the pathological mechanism of perineural invasion has not been clearly clarified. No specific treatment has been available for perineural invasion. Therefore, the treatment of perineural invasion of head and neck tumors is an enormous challenge for clinicians. In this article, the current status of clinical diagnosis and treatment of perineural invasion in head and neck malignancies was reviewed.

15.
Chinese Journal of Dermatology ; (12): 748-750, 2017.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-657908

RESUMO

Objective To investigate human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in adult patients with plantar warts,and to explore their relationship with clinical features of adult plantar warts.Methods PCR,gene sequencing and TA-cloning technique were performed to detect HPV types in 221 patients with plantar warts.Meanwhile,clinical data were recorded,including patients' age,disease duration,symptoms and number of warts.Results Of 221 specimens,HPV DNA was detected in 215,with the HPV-positive rate being 97%.Single HPV infections were detected in 206 specimens (96%,206/215),among which,HPV types included HPV-27 (44.7%,92/206),-2 (12.1%,25/206),-57 (7.3%,15/206),-7 (Alpha genus;0.5%,1/206),-65 (Gamma genus;0.5%,1/206),-1 (33.5%,69/206) and-63 (Mu genus;1.5%,3/206).There were no significant differences in age,disease duration,number of warts,incidence of pain and gender among patients with HPV-27,-2 or-57 infections.Compared with patients with HPV-27 infection,patients with HPV-1 infection were more related to age ≤ 30 years,disease duration ≤ 1 year,number of warts ≤ 2 and high incidence of pain.Conclusion HPV-27,-2,-57 and-1 are the main types in adult patients with plantar warts,and HPV types are correlated with clinical features of adult plantar warts.

16.
Chinese Journal of Dermatology ; (12): 748-750, 2017.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-660437

RESUMO

Objective To investigate human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in adult patients with plantar warts,and to explore their relationship with clinical features of adult plantar warts.Methods PCR,gene sequencing and TA-cloning technique were performed to detect HPV types in 221 patients with plantar warts.Meanwhile,clinical data were recorded,including patients' age,disease duration,symptoms and number of warts.Results Of 221 specimens,HPV DNA was detected in 215,with the HPV-positive rate being 97%.Single HPV infections were detected in 206 specimens (96%,206/215),among which,HPV types included HPV-27 (44.7%,92/206),-2 (12.1%,25/206),-57 (7.3%,15/206),-7 (Alpha genus;0.5%,1/206),-65 (Gamma genus;0.5%,1/206),-1 (33.5%,69/206) and-63 (Mu genus;1.5%,3/206).There were no significant differences in age,disease duration,number of warts,incidence of pain and gender among patients with HPV-27,-2 or-57 infections.Compared with patients with HPV-27 infection,patients with HPV-1 infection were more related to age ≤ 30 years,disease duration ≤ 1 year,number of warts ≤ 2 and high incidence of pain.Conclusion HPV-27,-2,-57 and-1 are the main types in adult patients with plantar warts,and HPV types are correlated with clinical features of adult plantar warts.

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